About cancer clinical trials


    Enhancing cancer care through clinical trials

    Adrienne, patient with breast cancer: Three words that really describe me I would say are bold, energetic and faithful.

    Ronald, patient with prostate cancer: I would say that I try to be fair and honest.

    Carol, patient with melanoma: Three words that describe me, I think, would be caring and compassionate. I think I'm loyal. And then I'm also very curious about things. I got the biopsy report before even seeing the doctor or anything. So I remember that moment very vividly because I read that and knew the seriousness of it.

    Ronald: When I first got diagnosed, I thought it was like going down a dark alley and that's what I had pictured it. There were no lights. You didn't know where you were going, didn't know where you were going to end. But that was 19 years ago. So, I'm very grateful.

    Adrienne: I felt all of the emotions; and most of all, I was really frightened about not being there for my daughter.

    Matthew S. Block, M.D., Ph.D., medical oncologist: Often when a patient is diagnosed with cancer, they feel hopeless and scared. Clinical trials are one way that patients can be proactive. They can make a choice in how their care is going to be.

    Geoffrey B. Johnson, M.D., Ph.D., nuclear radiologist: Clinical trials open the door to a new hope that maybe we can fight their cancer back and give them a better quality of life.

    Judy C. Boughey, M.D., surgical oncologist: I think one common misperception about clinical trials is that if you enter a clinical trial, you may not get treatment. And that's actually very much not true. Most clinical trials are looking at one treatment compared to another treatment.

    Carol: The trials provide an opportunity to feel like you're getting extra-special care. You're getting an extra-special dose of something that maybe wouldn't be available to you.

    Dr. Boughey: We are very particular in how we select the clinical trials that we have available for patients. We want to have the best trials available for our patients. Some of the clinical trials are evaluating some of these drugs. We are so excited about those drugs, but we can't prescribe those drugs for patients without having that trial. And so we will actually fight to try to get that trial open here to have it available as an opportunity for our patients.

    Adrienne: It is always patient first at Mayo, and they will always keep your health, your treatment at the center and what's best for you.

    Ronald: We were always told upfront that if whenever we didn't think it was right, we could stop at any time. And I did truly believe that was true and trusted in them that I could stop whenever I wanted.

    Dr. Boughey: For most patients that we evaluate, there's always the standard-of-care treatment option for those patients. And then in many situations, there's also a clinical trial that patient can participate in.

    Carol: I've been in four different ones. This last trial had a little trigger in it that they're working with, and it seemed to make all the difference in the world. And so my prognosis of "You have 9 to 12 months" has totally changed.

    Dr. Johnson: We couldn't advance medicine if it weren't for people volunteering for trials. And the promise from our side is to say we're not going to put patients on trials or offer trials for them to consider unless we think there's a good chance that they'll get a benefit or that society at large will get a benefit.

    Adrienne: It wasn't lost on me that people before me, really bold, brave souls before me, said yes to clinical trials. So that the treatments and the medications and the courses that we all go through today are effective — and that can help save lives.

    Dr. Boughey: So for any patients interested in clinical trials, it's definitely worth reaching out to your healthcare provider and asking, "What clinical trials could I be a potential candidate for?" And remember, you can ask this from your surgical oncologist, your medical oncologist, your radiation oncologist, any of the physicians that you're seeing. Because there are trials in all sorts of disciplines. There are also ongoing trials that require just collection of tissue or donation of blood that can also be important to try to help future generations as we continue to work to end cancer.

    Carol: Thanks to my clinical trial, I've been given precious time to spend with family and friends, who are just the most dearest thing to me.

    Ronald: I'm thankful that I did my clinical trial because I do believe I wouldn't be here if I hadn't tried it. I enjoy my grandkids, and that's the big part of this: I'll be around for a little longer, hopefully, and then this is why we do it.

    Adrienne: I have always felt from day one until today that Mayo has kept me at the center and has always wanted what's best for me. And as a part of that, clinical trials was a way to provide me with cutting-edge treatments and provide me a way to also help others — and I am better for it.


    Extensive options to enroll in clinical trials

    At Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, you have access to the latest in treatment and technology through clinical trials. Cutting-edge research at Mayo Clinic is changing the way cancer is diagnosed and treated across the globe.

    Cancer clinical trials, also called clinical studies or research studies, guide researchers in understanding how new and advanced treatment options can improve care and remove barriers for you and other people with cancer. Clinical trials help physician-scientists test new and better ways to detect, control and treat cancer.

    Clinical trials are an important path to consider no matter where you are in your cancer journey — whether you've received a new diagnosis or you've been in treatment for years.

    Hundreds of clinical trials are available now at Mayo Clinic's three campuses in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System sites in the Midwest. You might even be able to participate in a trial from your own home.

    At Mayo Clinic, you also have access to clinical trials through agreements with the National Cancer Institute, the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, the Minnesota Cancer Clinical Trials Network and other groups.

    Choosing to participate in a clinical trial is an important decision. Talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional about finding a clinical trial that's right for you.

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    Diverse research for diverse advancements

    Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center is leading the way to promote more inclusive and supportive research to achieve true equity in clinical trials.

    It's vital for clinical trials to include people of all identities, regardless of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, or other factors and characteristics. It is especially important for people from racial and ethnic minority groups to participate so that cancer clinical trials are more representative of the entire population and those at risk.

    We want to make sure our clinical trials represent all people.

    We're fostering a culture of inclusivity and anti-racism both at Mayo Clinic and within our communities. We're removing barriers to clinical trials related to cost, distance, time and comfort by offering research studies you can access in your community and, in some cases, even from your home.


    Benefits to you and future generations

    Clinical trials have many potential benefits, including:

    • Gaining earlier access to new treatments.
    • Getting a new treatment option when other treatments haven't worked.
    • Not having to pay for the experimental treatment or procedure.

    A clinical trial might be the first choice for someone with a rare type of cancer, not the last resort.

    In addition, your participation in a trial also might help others.

    The more people who participate in clinical trials, the faster medicines, treatments and lifestyle changes can be tested and the quicker people can get better care. Clinical trials can help identify better treatments for future generations.

    Clinical trials can even help lower the cost of medicine in the future.


    How a clinical trial works

    During a clinical trial, participants receive specific interventions and researchers determine if those interventions are safe and effective. These interventions are typically compared to the standard of care for a condition, so everyone in the trial still receives necessary medical care.

    Interventions studied in clinical trials include:

    • New medicines or new combinations of medicines.
    • New medical procedures.
    • New surgical techniques.
    • New medical devices.
    • New ways to use existing treatments.
    • Lifestyle or behavior changes.

    Phases of a clinical trial

    Experimental treatments usually go through two or three phases of a clinical trial before they become standard treatments available to everyone.

    The early phases of cancer clinical trials are designed to study the safety of the new treatment. Later phases determine the effectiveness of the new treatment while continuing to study safety.


    • A phase 1 cancer clinical trial, also called an early-phase clinical trial, determines safe dosage levels and safe methods of delivering a new treatment. An early-phase clinical trial might be the first time an experimental cancer medicine or intervention is used with people.

    • A phase 2 cancer clinical trial evaluates the effectiveness of the cancer treatment and monitors side effects. Side effects are monitored in all phases of clinical trials, but they are a special focus in phase 2.

    • A phase 3 cancer clinical trial compares the new treatment to the standard treatment.

    • A phase 4 cancer clinical trial continues to assess the long-term safety and effectiveness of a treatment. A phase 4 clinical trial is conducted after approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

    Types of cancer clinical trials

    Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center offers several types of clinical trials:

    • Prevention. These trials explore ways to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Participants can include people who have not had cancer, those at higher risk of cancer or those who have had cancer in the past. These trials might test medicines, vaccines, vitamins, or lifestyle changes such as exercising or quitting smoking.
    • Screening. These trials test new ways to find cancer in your body.
    • Treatment. These trials test new therapies, medicines, surgical approaches and integrative medicine, including wellness treatments such as massage and meditation.
    • Quality of life. These trials focus on the comfort and quality of life for people with cancer and survivors of cancer. These trials research new ways to minimize the side effects of cancer and its treatments.
    • Genetics. These trials explore inherited family genes and traits that might affect cancer risk or outcomes.

    Learn more about cancer clinical trails.


    Protecting safety and privacy

    Mayo Clinic is committed to protecting you and your safety.

    Each clinical trial requires informed consent from the participant. This consent ensures that you understand key facts and potential risks about the research study before you enroll.

    The risks are different for each trial. A clinical trial may:

    • Take extra time and effort.
    • Have side effects.
    • Not be effective.

    Measures are in place to help ensure safety for participants:

    • All clinical research at Mayo Clinic is reviewed and approved by our Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB is a committee of healthcare professionals with different types of expertise. The committee reviews all parts of the clinical trial to ensure protection of your rights, privacy and welfare.
    • Other groups also monitor the safety and progress of clinical trials.
    • U.S. federal rules help ensure that clinical research is done in a safe and ethical manner.

    Questions to ask when considering a clinical trial

    You should know as much as possible before agreeing to participate in a clinical trial. Discuss questions with your healthcare professional, including:

    • What is the purpose?
    • Why might this study be right for me?
    • What tests or treatments are involved?
    • What are the benefits, risks or inconveniences?
    • Will I have to pay for anything? Does my insurance cover participation?
    • How long will the study last?
    • What phase is the study?
    • What information will I get about the results?

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